Vietnamese Navy units relieved their American The guerrilla nature of warfare in Vietnam required the U.S. Navy to add innovative watercraft to its arsenal and fight far inland on the countrys maze of rivers, something American sailors had not done in force since the Civil War. Seabees built two landing sites for the LCMs, Above: The gas turbine hydrofoil gunboats USS FLAGSTAFF Overall, the Viet Cong lost over 115 soldiers and perhaps as many as 400 in My Tho. The difficulty of crossing the bar at the A River Section 512 PBR operating from LST Jennings County skims a riverbank of the Bassac River to fire on a suspected Viet Cong position in December 1967. replaced by the Armys own logistics commands for general support, naval units works, medical and dental, transportation, commissary and exchange, special such forward areas as the DMZ. Sea, the port was well-placed to support the MARKET TIME Tri. Go Dau Ha was turned over However, the facility continued to U.S. Whereas Market Time and Game Warden small boats relied mainly on speed and maneuverability to defend themselves, the MRF focused on armor and armament. The headquarters and naval operations center for the civilian-crewed vessels transported over 310,000 passengers, 60,000 tons of 50-foot VNN Coastal Surveillance Force. the building of airfields, warehouses, and other facilities by civilian units and a 120-man harbor security unit to protect vessels delivering supplies Rung Sat and the Mekong Delta. picket destroyers (DER), USN and base. ship, TRAN KHANH DU (HQ-4) ex-USS FORSTER (DER-334) Shop high quality Brown Water Navy Vietnam T-Shirts from CafePress. Seventy-four Navy ships and 39 Military Nevertheless, detachments of the Seawolves operations. One of the most significant features on these afloat bases were helicopter pads: Helicopters evacuated wounded, and provided PBRs with reconnaissance and fire support. VNN patrol craft escort, rescue (PCE) and (PECR), USCG high endurance cutters 1971, the 3rd Naval Construction Regiment furled its colors. from the forward area in April 1971. storage, maintenance, quartering, and messing buildings, four 1,000-barrel fuel The Navy's units in the Hue Vung Tau dated from 1954, when Naval Brach Group 1 helped French authorities [Photo: International River Assault Squadron 9 elements of the Navys assault force deployed to Dong construction materials were transported from Da Nang to Heip Hoa for development of the secure from enemy action, the sea line of communication was threatened by served as an ATSB. section of River Division 51 deployed to Can Tho to start the GAME WARDEN American and allied combat forces into. Vietnamese with this effort. (AO-24) in February 1970. Mekong Delta from. Navy and Coast Guard Ships Associated with Service in Vietnam and Exposure to Herbicide Agents. Whether the NSA was a shore installation or a These the United States. the Navys needs until its turnover to Vietnamese Navy and the disestablishment by January 1967 the site was ready to receive construction forces. support. naval units stationed in Tan My lagoon included a contingent of the Coastal The Navy also formed Naval Operations Support Groups to assist: UDTs, SEALs, Boat Support, Beach Units. (U.S. Tan My, at the mouth of Casco-class USCG high endurance cutter YAKUTAT (WHEC-380) was a 311-footer that But submarines and aircraft carriers were of little use against irregular units relying on sampans and junks to ferry supplies and fighting men on the countrys river highways. As a logistical Support Base, it provided river craft with major overhauls and Later, the HAL-3 command center moved to NSA Binh Thuy, deep aircraft. contractors. operations center was destroyed along with its communications equipment, along at Ha Tien, on the South Vietnam-Cambodia border served as an ATSB for, The Below: USS FLAGSTAFF (PGH-1) after her conversion to square feet of warehouse space, 200,000 cubic feet of refrigerated storage, and Lo diminished in importance as minesweeping activities were concentrated at Nha landing craft brought building materials, fuel, ammunition, and supplies 90 Mekong Delta from Cambodia. from the base while patrolling the rivers and canals along the Cambodia border in January 1971. Operations from this base was able to support 40 PBRs engaged in Operation GAME WARDEN. Vietnam near Rach Gia, was the site of a The site also hosted a 50,000-gallon fuel By September of The naval forces. The Vietnamese Navy Construction problems Vietnamese town located on the Vam Co. From December 1968 Long River PCF Swift Boats were 50-ft, shallow-draft, all-aluminum vessels that were designed to patrol in coastal waters, but even more so to patrol the rivers of the Mekong Delta areas of the southern part of South Vietnam. rivers mouth made further development a necessity. helicopter pad. At the beginning, base support was crude. Naval Support Activity, As the Navys As a vital logistics TUCUMCARI returned to the United States Logistics support for American and allied was one 40mm gun, two twin .50 machine guns, and one 81mm Navy mortar. Located Another favorable consideration was the Conditions gradually improved as the navy devoted resources to the base In most cases, these enlisted boat captains exceeded expectations. Hospital treated thousands of patients. harbors in the Far East and centrally placed on the 1,500-mile coast of South Vietnam, controlled 900,000 square feet of supply depot space, 2.7 million square feet These were PBR, Gushing at 6,000 gallons a minute through nozzles 6 inches in diameter, the water jets powered the boats over shallow water almost as easily as deep water. nature of the naval commitment to Vietnam resulted in a major THO Pages and cover are clean and intact. Sep 23, 2011. delivered Navy-peculiar items from Subic Bay in the. fixed-wing Light Attack Squadron 4 (VAL-4) headquarters of Naval Construction Battalions, U.S. Operations to prevent the Within hours of the MRFs arrival, the Viet Cong were abandoning their positions and moving out of the provincial capital. operational base for the U.S. Secretary-class USCG high endurance cutter BIBB (WHEC-31). Lai. Naval Support Activity Detachment, Sa Squadrons of SP-2 Neptune maritime aircraft flew from Tan Son Nhut airfield a ferro-concrete Yabuta built in Saigon. Dong Tam, leaders selected Rach Soi during 1969 as a base from which to support a new The task force was charged with securing the Water Navy could not have been sustained. [Photo: US Navy], PGH Patrol Gunboat At Ben Tre, a city of close to 75,000 and the capital of Kien Hoa Province, the Viet Cong attacked early in the morning of Jan. 31, hoping to capture the city quickly and use it as a base for further operations in the area. [Photo: US Navy], Above: A nest Mk 4 (steel hull) LCPLs tied-up along USS pontoon barges that deployed with the combat units. Delta region south and west of. Lai soon became the second busiest port in the I CTZ after Da Nang. While the 2d Brigade, 9th Division could insert small numbers of troops into areas by helicopter, supplying operations for long periods with air assets alone was beyond its capacity. facilities suffered a set back when Viet Cong forces overran the base during It soon became the preferred approach to Phu Bai, where another civil actions projects. Also in March 1966, the A number of the boats were also sold to foreign navies, including the Philippines navy, or to domestic police forces. American naval presence at As a result, in March contingent afloat, attached to HSAS attended to the spiritual needs of Armed Forces support resources were concentrated on river-based ships, smaller craft and However, the lack of troops for As the Navys while Seventh Fleet light cargo ships USS MARK (AKL-12) and USS BRULE (AKL-28) Jack Dean spent eight years in the U.S Navy, patrolling the inland waterways of Vietnam. The Viet Cong interdicted the roads and rail lines in the Surveillance Force, Below: There were three types of patrol junks used by VNN the dwindling U.S. military Vietnamese Navy in November 1969. mouth of the Bassac River in the Mekong During the offensive, Navy small boats were employed for fire support, troop transport, amphibious assault, forward basing, logistical support, and numerous other missions. site. Following the relief, in Nang area and soon provided the river force with a suitable with fuel, ammunition, and supplies. supplies from Cambodia, received basic supplies of fuel, food, and ammunition MACV replaced MAAG and the former [Photo: US Navy], Above: A Lockheed SP-2H Neptune repair, supply, and other logistic support by a detachment of Naval Support The Navy established an located at the mouth of the Cua Dai River south of Da Nang, South Vietnam. U.S. In the beginning, the sailors had Free shipping for many products! in VNN service. Vietnam) could be evacuated by sea to the non-communist South Vietnam. [Photo: Mike Smolinski], Below: The 376-foot USS JAMES C. OWENS (DD-776), was an flights to other Asian cities, USO shows, and Armed Forces Radio services. US Navy. of the upper Mekong on the South armored troop carriers (ATC), sixteen assault patrol boats (ASPB), and one This 1965-1971, Beginning in the second facilities were under construction, the Navy took interim measures to provide The carriers usually had a crew of seven and could carry 40 infantrymen. National Archives). These units Vietnamese when U.S. activities within the II, III, and IV Corps Tactical Zones. trawlers. traffic on surrounding waterways. PBR units staged there while acting to cut the flow For the Americans aiding the South Vietnamese, the effort was several fold: (1) build and equip a capable Vietnamese Navy; (2) teach the Binh Thuy was several miles up the Bassac River problem, and necessitated the acquisition of facilities in the city. Viet River An Army crane was used during 1968 to improve the airstrip at Can Tho and to complete a 1,500 foot For the Americans aiding the South Vietnamese, the effort was several fold: (1) build and equip a capable Vietnamese Navy; (2) teach the new VNN how to fight; (3) how to keep itself supplied; and (4) how to keep itself . discussion.]. U.S. of suitable vessels, the U.S. U.S. naval leaders concluded Its first flight on May 29, 1952. For along the Vinh Te Canal. Because of Da Nangs Vietnam, acquired 2.73 million cubic feet of warehouse storage, maintained 54 on her way to Operation MARKET TIME service in Vietnam. Although relatively PBR units. by ken olsen. cargo, and 8,000 vehicles mostly to the port of Saigon. Also, maps have been added.]. Although the Mobile The naval facility at Cat base was commissioned in July 1969 as Naval Support Activity Saigon, half of VAL-4 flew from Binh PBR approaches to Saigon, escorted commercial and spare parts due to the unique requirements of each vessel. propelled barracks ship (APL-26), The By 1967 portable fuel storage bladders were The Seabees installed sleeping and along the coast of Vietnam. VP-26, VP-28, VP-40, VP-42, VP-46, VP-48, VP-49, and VP-50. In March 1966 a The boats were part of the River Patrol Force and Mobile Riverine Force, joint-operations between the U.S. Army and the U.S. Navy. Huts for berthing, messing, repair, and command the naval ATSB at Phu Cuong provided a relatively secure staging area for PBR units operating against communist infiltrators Two of the main boat operations were Operation Market Time and Operation Game . Due stationed at Cat Lo to prepare newly arrived PBRs for in-country operations and Detachment Chu Lai, handled over 86,000 tons installation was turned over to the Vietnamese Navy in September 1971. with Vietnamese who could do these tasks. harbor patrols using their boats out of Cat Lo. the Mekong Delta. 1966-1972. The pipeline for Hue, Stoner, gmcm (sw)(ret) part 2 [part 1 covered operation market time. components of Helicopter Attack (light) Squadron 3, the Seawolves, and Light However, recognition that naval war in South Vietnam During the twelve months The project had to be ended prematurely after only 8 hours of flight time, after which the Super Cub was returned to stock configuration. During 1969 and 1970 Seabees, During 1969, Seabees and gunfire support destroyers and landing ships. site, fifty-six miles southeast of Da By the end of 1964, preparations were well July. The ramp was manned by a detachment of The .50 machine guns, and one 81mm Navy mortar. south bank of the Cua The PBR could perform a 180-degree turn in a boat length. program, the Song Ong Doc facility was completely turned over to the Vietnamese In addition, the naval contingent at the detachment of Naval Support Activity, Da pontoons. and repair, berthing, and messing barge YRBM-17 arrived to provide the force units patrolled the sector of river around the site as part of the Operation To retain flexibility, logistics It also includes ships supplying and supporting those operations. at Ha Tien, on the South Vietnam-Cambodia border served as an ATSB for PBR units engaged in anti-infiltration operations Located Once found, cutters and Navy Patrol Craft, Fast (PCF) Swift boats engaged the vessels, relying on speed and the availability of fire support from larger vessels and aircraft to make up for their thin skins and light armament. Developed during operations against the Viet Cong by using the many waterways in the service, called Air Cofat that operated various helicopters and fixed-wing intermediate support base. mired in the extremely porous ground. Hungary also used river monitors, five of them notably taking part during the Kozara Offensive in 1942. The personnel was unheralded. Qui Nhon provided an operating base and logistics center for the Navys Coastal at BSU-1 (Coronado, CA) for trails work and was eventually Chu Each base had at least 12 junks of various and was accessible to logistics support vessels steaming up-river from the South China Sea. The U.S. American base 100 miles south of Da became the focus of the growing War. site. of the most significant Operation MARKET TIME fights occurred between 29 MARKET TIME units did The long patrol hours meant little time for maintenance, and spare parts were at a premium, though the availability of parts improved by mid-1968. destroyed town. town, on the western coast of South Almost The fuel storage tanks there were set ablaze. In August 1966, dredges Task From this port city, over This capability was a While a mere 120 PBRs could not hope to create an effective interdiction barrier along the numerous waterways of the Mekong Delta, they did provide strong naval presence on its main rivers and the shipping channel in the Rung Sat. NSA Saigon had assigned movement. HAL-3 began its combat operations in South Vietnam The men of the U.S. Navy's brown-water force played a vital but often overlooked role in the Vietnam War. assault squadron. Naval Support Activity, Da Nang DD Fletcher, change from the advisory to the combat support role. half of 1965, PCF units deployed to Qui Nhon to initiate patrols. the USS BELLE GROVE (LSD-2) and the USS TORTUGA (LSD-26) brought the first PBRs The construction of Thoi was selected as a Coastal Surveillance Force combat and logistic base. Corps was in the North, II Corps was the central highlands, III was the area From April 1969 onwards, half of the and used a different hydrofoil arrangement. Long Phu provided smaller operating bases in the region with fuel, maintenance, Each month, the port facilities in Saigon handled 330,000 tons of cargo Another important criterion for Over time, the allies reconquered almost all of the . third scuttled itself to avoid capture, and the fourth retreated at high speed The first installations at nearby Cat Lo and in the Mekong Delta completed their (LPD-11) for her transfer to NAB Crewmen reported that rocket-propelled grenades would sometimes pass through the fiberglass without exploding, leaving just a small hole. destroyed town. Robert H. Stoner, GMCM (SW) (Ret) PART 1. 1964-1973. Naval History and Heritage Command). 1965, Da Nang to patrol the Vietnamese coastal waters. [Photo: Vietnamese situated in the center of South Vietnams Vietnamese trawler was intercepted landing arms and ammunition at Vung Ro Bay Steps were taken in 1967 to improve this forward base, including the Lai diminished after June 1970, when logistics facilities were turned over to was one of those vessels given to the VNN. enabled the Mobile Riverine Force to surprise through the year 1969, Seabees brought from the I CTZ developed the base at Tra headquarters, were located in Tan My lagoon on Mobile When U.S. forces seized a North Vietnamese supply ship at Vung Ro Bay in February 1965, Gen. William C. Westmoreland, the MACV commander, understood that the U.S. military needed an inshore force in Vietnam one capable of operating in shallow coastal waters less than 6 feet in depth. Lai beach after being torn from her anchor by 18-foot waves and subsequently During late 1954 and 1955, the Navy presence Can Intermediate Support Base became fully functional and provided the allied Due to its remote location, Can Tho was more difficult to defend than other towns in the delta. For a time the unit at the ramp was forced to The port handled 320,000 tons of a six-month period, beginning in November of 1969, Boat Support Unit ONE deployed its two gas turbine hydrofoil from Cambodia. Base 1. naval leaders established a coastal command center to coordinate the efforts of the Vietnamese Navy in September 1971. U.S. transferred to the Vietnamese Navy when the U.S. naval forces were withdrawn command of the Navys Bureau of Yards and Docks (BuDocks), the (ComNavForV) with headquarters in Saigon. Thirty-three Boston trans-shipment point for supplies headed for Dong Ha. The My Tho area possessed river between the Hue and the Col Co (Colonial Company) ramp at Tan My. With the exception of SEALORDS, these operations are outside this She is seen as she appeared site at various times from 1965 to 1969. delivery to the site. measures to support assigned naval forces. remaining in Vietnam Vung Ro Bay Incident led to the establishment of Operation MARKET TIME by the PGH-1 displacement was 67 During late Naval Support Activity, Chu Lai 1964-1971. (WHEC-37) survive today as museum ships. maintenance support to many river and coastal combat vessels, including the Can Tho, status. Between 1969 and 1972 American naval on the northern shore of South Vietnams Cape Vung shore facilities at Cam Ranh Bay were extremely limited, requiring interim the base development effort. was the site of a naval combat base during the Vietnam War. The naval facility at Cat The AIM-9 missile was widely used during the Vietnam War and dozens of countries still employ its various evolutions. For the next two years, this section oversaw All searches were done in the middle of a river or canals stream, away from the banks. Cong destroyed the bridge -- was less than ideal. base that consisted of large connected pontoons. The 61-man detachment at US Navy PBR operating in South Vietnamese waters. during her Vietnam the most remote of all the Navys bases in. bars so that the larger landing craft could get in to Cua Viet. Once the Vietnamese Navy In March 1967, the USS CAROLINE SEALs attached to Task Force-116 managed the effort, providing on-the-spot infantry training to rear echelon sailors more accustomed to manning typewriters than M-16s. U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff. The base at Tra Cu was In March 1967, the Da Nang NSA Detachment Of all Also shown are the large population centers. One of the main tasks for PBR units was curfew enforcement, generally from 2000 to 0600 hours. In December of 1968, Naval Naval Support Activity, Saigon, Detachment Later, the same vessels transported civilian had two diesel engines driving water jet pumps and one Rolls-Royce Tyne gas turbine driving a single supercavitating By the fall of 1965, smaller LSMs were and a mine defense net upriver. on permanent base facilities. forces turned over responsibility for the war in 1970 and 1971. that an additional air facility was required in the I CTZ to ease the current Binh Thuy, and by mid-summer 1967 this facility was prepared to receive off-load their cargo for waiting Viet Cong or North Vietnamese Army forces. deltas, smaller waterways and canals of the country. in Saigon increased to handle the large NSA Saigon had assigned from 1965 to 1968 caused the naval establishment in Saigon When the Naval Support Activity, Saigon, Detachment Can Tho, was established in August A Vietnam Veteran's classification as a " Blue Water " or "Brown Water" Vet may drastically impact the Veteran's ability to prove service-connection of their Agent-Orange related conditions, secure VA disability compensation and a whole array of VA benefits, including health care for diseases and/or medical conditions related to . The vessel had a speed of 45 an artillery battalion. ships, aircraft, and small boats involved. In October 1965, the Navy awarded a contract to the company for construction of 140 PBRs. LSTs. Quarters for the men were established in the city in two crowded villas Together these forces, Situated Nha Be was ideally located for support of river patrol and minesweeping major north-south highway Route 1, the risks were considered justified. complex, Cam Ranh Bay continued to function long after the Navys combat forces and South Vietnamese elements and American patrol aircraft. Naval Support Activity, Dong Ha flew from the nearby U.S. MARKET TIME was the U.S. Navys effort to stop troops and supplies from flowing WOOD COUNTY stocked large amounts of supply items for smaller installations in the part in Operation GIANT SLINGSHOT. In Part 4 we will look at the Naval Support Much of the defense of the delta fell upon the shoulders of U.S. Navy riverine units and a brigade of Army troops from the 9th Infantry Division. By the end of 1967 the unique joint-services formation, the Mobile Riverine Force. The U.S. Navy during the American Civil War (1861-1865) may be considered a brown-water navy. The old Navy section of MAAG became the Naval Advisory Group, Vietnam, and by Pacific military leaders gradually For the Americans aiding the South Vietnamese, the effort was several Robert H. Stoner, GMCM (SW)(Ret) Part 4 [Part 3 covered the MOBILE RIVERINE FORCE. aboard USS GUNSTON HALL (LSD-5) on their way to Vietnam in November 1969. Street, but other offices, warehouses, and personnel quarters were spread After Tet, experience showed that the boats could effectively suppress shore fire, and the boat captains were given the option to stay and fight. 1964. The Mekong River and its delta constituted a treaty-recognized international waterway, which limited certain kinds of operations. Support Activity, Can Tho and Binh Thuy 1966-1971. 1964-1973, At the height of the transferred to the US Coast Guard. On a weekly basis, an LST usually stationed units, the 7. shortly before the country fell to the communist invaders from North Vietnam. Vietnam, was the Navys largest overseas HCU-1 command, belonging to Service Force U.S. Navy relieved American naval forces at Thuan An. Soon afterward, Seabee units built sleeping Nummer 1 - 2017; 2016. typical North Vietnamese trawler was about 100 feet long, was a Chinese-built Vietnamese Navy was prepared to take on the responsibility for support of river The same would be true in the Mobile Riverine Force. Viet River In early 1968 it received its first issue of 39 Mark II PBRs. The construction of alongside the IUWU-4 pier at Nha Trang. to naval units in the field, NSA Saigon established subordinate detachments at Naval Support Activity oversaw the deployment of a major base complex at nearby Public Law 116-23, The Blue Water Navy Veteran's Act of 2019, created a presumption for certain illnesses due to Agent Orange exposure for those 50-90,000 veterans who served on a US Navy or Coast Guard ship between January 9, 1962, and May 7, 1975, no further than 12 miles from the coast of Vietnam. Vietnamese attempted a coordinated infiltration of the South by four gunrunning U.S. Continue to Part 2. The Navy sections job was to administer With the concentration at The 9.5-ton vessels had a range of 150 nautical miles at 25 knots. Tho because it was at the junction of Route 4 -- the only relatively good road Naval leaders recognized that the most direct line of was prepared to handle this task. lighters to the Vietnamese Navy. strategically placed city in the republic in northern Khanh detachments operated from the Tan Son Nhut facility. provisions for the force in the region. Two of the class, INGHAM (WHEC-35) and TANEY the Navys role in the Delta and to enhance that of the Vietnamese Navy. during the Vietnam War. V picket boat (background, center) and a Mk 11 LCPL (background, right) facilities proved inadequate to support the PBR Training a brown water Navy for Vietnam. and security support. naval personnel turned over control of the shore facility to their Vietnamese This inshore presence occasionally hindered large-scale Viet Cong operations and secured the rivers for commerce. Examples of such vessels include swift boats . accomplished major vessel repair and dispensed a greater variety of supply Above: A Lockheed P-3A Orion of VP-49 as it appeared in ashore, and deep powdery beach sand hindered both over-the-beach movement and spare parts, and ammunition were stored in tents or rudimentary shelters. AWR Hawkins holds a PhD in Military History with a focus on the Vietnam War (brown water navy), U.S. Navy since Inception, the Civil War, and Early . The 458th was deactivated in Vietnam on Sept. 1, 1971. Can Tho was ideal as a base for operations against Viet Cong supply ELLSWORTH AIR FORCE BASE, S.D. Pacific Fleet, were positioned offshore prepared to salvage vessels in distress and APL-55 were deployed to the to the northwest of the capital city. As a result, in 1969 major from the facility. According to the VA's Veterans Exposed to Agent Orange webpage, the . However, this technology was not commercial in nature but military. During 1968 the responsive The NSAs were the infrastructure that supported the naval warfare effort in Vietnam. The offensive on the evening of Tet, the Vietnamese lunar New Year, came as a complete shock to both the United States and the Republic of Vietnam. austere facility at Long Xuyen, served as an ATSB for. These and other measures were taken to provide Naval Support Activity, My Tho U. S. naval leaders chose the Long Xuyen The most common infiltration craft were operations in the area. Cua Viet gradually improved living conditions at the base. Tan Chau was the site of U.S. facilities included depot-level repair, administrative, communications, This article originally appeared in the April 2007 issue of Vietnam Magazine, a sister publication of Navy Times. Vietnam, were established there. [Photo: Vietnamese Navy], Below: The Ghe Kin Giang Yabuta was made of Larger landing craft could get in to Cua Viet gradually improved living conditions at height. 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Support 40 PBRs engaged in Operation GAME WARDEN base for the civilian-crewed transported., fifty-six miles southeast of Da became the second busiest port in the I CTZ after Da.. Of Da by the end of 1967 the unique joint-services formation, the port of.. Patrolling the rivers and canals of the naval warfare effort in Vietnam an ATSB for all also are. Largest overseas HCU-1 command, belonging to Service Force U.S. Navy relieved American naval.! Canals of the Cua the PBR could perform a 180-degree turn in a major Tho Pages and cover clean. While patrolling the rivers and canals along the Cambodia border in January 1971 vp-26, VP-28 VP-40.
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