Her voice is soft and high, almost shrill. ", "They never thought much of us, so there was no way they were going to run with us," says Hardin. ", A personal tragedy for her was seen as a political liability by the town's civil rights leaders. [25] Reeves was found having sex with a white woman who claimed she was raped, though Reeves claims their relations were consensual. "You may do that," said Parks, who is now 87 and lives in Detroit. Her political inclination was fueled in part by an incident with her schoolmate, Jeremiah Reeves; his case was the first time that she had witnessed the work of the NAACP. If one white person wanted to sit down there, then all the black people on that row were supposed to get up and either stand or move further to the back. "[33] "I'm not disappointed. On the night of Parks' arrest, the Women's Political Council (WPC), a group of black women working for civil rights, began circulating flyers calling for a boycott of the bus system. Taylor Branch. When Colvin moved to New York many years later to become a nurse, she didn't tell many people about the part she played in the civil rights movement. The other three moved, but another black woman, Ruth Hamilton, who was pregnant, got on and sat next to Colvin. As well as the predictable teenage fantasy of "marrying a baseball player", she also had strong political convictions. Most Americans, even in Montgomery, have never heard of her. For months, Montgomerys NAACP chapter had been looking for a court case to test the constitutionality of the bus laws. Cloudflare Ray ID: 7a1897c67fea0e3a She concentrated her mind on things she had been learning at school. After her minister paid her bail, she went home where she and her family stayed up all night out of concern for possible retaliation. After her arrest and late appearance in the court hearing, she was more or less forgotten. But it is also a rare and excellent one that gives her more than a passing, dismissive mention. In court, Colvin opposed the segregation law by declaring herself not guilty. One month later, the Supreme Court declined to reconsider, and on December 20, 1956, the court ordered Montgomery and the state of Alabama to end bus segregation permanently. While Parks has been heralded as a civil rights heroine, Colvin's story has received little notice. "She had been yelling, 'It's my constitutional right!'. Smith was arrested in October 1955, but was also not considered an appropriate candidate for a broader campaign - ED Nixon claimed that her father was a drunkard; Smith insists he was teetotal. Colvin. So he said, 'If you are not going to get up, I will get a policeman. The pace of life is so slow and the mood so mellow that local residents look as if they have been wading through molasses in a half-hearted attempt to catch up with the past 50 years. Broken-down cars sit outside tumble-down houses. When Colvin's case was appealed to the Montgomery Circuit Court on May 6, 1955, the charges of disturbing the peace and violating the segregation laws were dropped, although her conviction for assaulting a police officer was upheld. "I didn't know if they were crazy, if they were going to take me to a Klan meeting. Colvin gave birth to Raymond, a son. [16], Through the trial Colvin was represented by Fred Gray, a lawyer for the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA), which was organizing civil rights actions. After decades of estrangement, Parks once telephoned Colvin in the late 1980s and invited her to hear Parks speak at a community college. It was this dark, clever, angry young woman who boarded the Highland Avenue bus on Friday, March 2, 1955, opposite Martin Luther King's church on Dexter Avenue, Montgomery. Colvin's son Raymond died in 1993. Raymond Colvin died in 1993 in New York of a heart attack, aged 37. It is time for President Obama to award Colvin the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nations highest civilian honor, to recognize her sacrifice and passionate dedication to social justice. She deserves our attention, our gratitude and a warm, bright spotlight all her own. [30][31] Her son, Randy, is an accountant in Atlanta and father of Colvin's four grandchildren. Ms. Colvin made her stand on March 2, 1955, and Mrs. How the Greensboro Four Began the Sit-In Movement, Your Privacy Choices: Opt Out of Sale/Targeted Ads, Name: Claudette Colvin, Birth Year: 1939, Birth date: September 5, 1939, Birth State: Alabama, Birth City: Montgomery, Birth Country: United States. She resisted bus segregation nine months before Rosa Parks, . Why has Claudette Colvin been denied her place in history? But, unlike Parks, Colvin never made it into the civil rights hall of fame. This occurred nine months before the more widely known incident in which Rosa Parks, secretary of the local chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), helped spark the 1955 Montgomery bus boycott.[3]. The full enormity of what she had done was only just beginning to dawn on her. He wasn't." Mothers expressed concern about permitting their children on the buses. But attorney Gray found it all but impossible to find riders who would potentially risk their lives by attaching their names as plaintiffs. On Thursday, December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks, a 42-year-old black seamstress, boarded a bus in Montgomery, Alabama, after a hard day's work, took a seat and headed for home. This was partially a product of the outward face the NAACP was trying to broadcast and partially a product of the women fearing losing their jobs, which were often in the public school system. In July 2014, Claudette Colvin's story was documented in a television episode of Drunk History (Montgomery, AL (Season 2, Episode 1)). This much we know. She had sons named Raymond and Randy. "[4][5] Colvin's case was dropped by civil rights campaigners because Colvin was unmarried and pregnant during the proceedings. If she had not done what she did, I am not sure that we would have been able to mount the support for Mrs. Parks.. During her pregnancy, she was abandoned by civil rights leaders. Ms. Colvin in New York on Feb. 5, 2009. He was . The Montgomery bus boycott was then called off after a few months. The problem arose because all the seats on the bus were taken. "So I went and I testified about the system and I was saying that the system treated us unfairly and I used some of the language that they used when we got taken off the bus.". Colvin later moved to New York City and worked as a nurse's aide. ", The upshot was that Colvin was left in an incredibly vulnerable position. 1956- Colvin was one of four Black women who served as plaintiffs in a federal court suit 1956- Had her child, his name was Raymond 1957- People were bombing black churches 1957- Congress approved the Civil Rights Act of 1957 One white woman defended Colvin to the police; another said that, if she got away with this, "they will take over". Sapphire was once thought to guard against evil and poisoning. Two years earlier, in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, African-Americans launched an effective bus boycott after drivers refused to honour an integrated seating policy, which was settled in an unsatisfactory fudge. Claudette Colvin was born on September 5, 1939, in Montgomery, Alabama. Like Parks, she, too, pleaded not guilty to breaking the law. The leaders in the Civil Rights Movement tried to keep up appearances and make the "most appealing" protesters the most seen. [2][13] Not long after, in September 1952, Colvin started attending Booker T. Washington High School. It was her individual courage that triggered the collective display of defiance that turned a previously unknown 26-year-old preacher, Martin Luther King, into a household name. I knew what was happening, but I just kept trying to shut it out.". She refused to give up her seat on a bus months before Rosa Parks' more famous protest. [26], Together with Aurelia S. Browder, Susie McDonald, Mary Louise Smith, and Jeanetta Reese, Colvin was one of the five plaintiffs in the court case of Browder v. Gayle. ", Not so Colvin. Charged with disturbing the peace, breaking the bus segregation laws and assaulting the officers who had apprehended her, she was released later that night. Joseph Rembert said, "If nobody did anything for Claudette Colvin in the past why don't we do something for her right now?" Claudette Colvin was an American civil rights activist during the Civil Rights movement of the 1960s. It is the story of Claudette Colvin, who was 15 when she waged her brave protest nine months before Parks did and has spent an eternity in Parkss shadow. The law at the time designated seats for black passengers at the back and for whites at the front, but left the middle as a murky no man's land. She says she expected some abuse from the driver, but nothing more. On June 13, 1956, the judges determined that the state and local laws requiring bus segregation in Alabama were unconstitutional. [4], "The bus was getting crowded, and I remember the bus driver looking through the rearview mirror asking her [Colvin] to get up for the white woman, which she didn't," said Annie Larkins Price, a classmate of Colvin. Claudette Colvin was an African American civil rights activist who pioneered the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s. The legal case turned on the testimony of four plaintiffs, one of whom was Claudette Colvin. She was convicted on all charges, appealed and lost again. The bus went three stops before several white passengers got on. "They did think I was nutty and crazy.". This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks. Unable to find work in Montgomery, Colvin moved to New York in 1958, while her son Raymond remained behind with family. It was not your tired feet, but your strength of character and resolve that inspired us." But the very spirit and independence of mind that had inspired Parks to challenge segregation started to pose a threat to Montgomery's black male hierarchy, which had started to believe, and then resent, their own spin. [citation needed]. Funeral Services will be held Saturday, April 20, 2013 at 11:00 a.m. at the Ft. Deposit Municipal Complex with Pastor. The policeman arrived, displaying two of the characteristics for which white Southern men had become renowned: gentility and racism. She retired in 2004. She shouted that her constitutional rights were being violated. There are several actions that could trigger this block including submitting a certain word or phrase, a SQL command or malformed data. Clubs called special meetings and discussed the event with some degree of alarm. In 1969, years after moving to NYC, she acquired a job working as a Nurse's aide at a Nursing home. Raymond Colvin, age 62, a resident of Ft. Deposit, AL, died April 13, 2013. She said, "They've already called it the Rosa Parks museum, so they've already made up their minds what the story is. "He asked us both to get up. Just as her case was beginning to catch the nation's imagination, she became pregnant. Blake persisted. The three black passengers sitting alongside Parks rose reluctantly. In March 1955, nine months before Rosa Parks defied segregation laws by refusing to give up her seat to a white passenger on a bus in Montgomery, Alabama, 15-year-old Claudette Colvin did exactly the same thing. We strive for accuracy and fairness.If you see something that doesn't look right,contact us! "So I told him I was not going to get up either. Now 76 and retired, Colvin deserves her place in history. First Name Claudette #1. "She had been tracked down by the zeitgeist - the spirit of the times." Colvin says Parks had the right image to become the face of resistance to segregation because of her previous work with the NAACP. Soon afterwards, on 5 December, 40,000 African-American bus passengers boycotted the system and that afternoon, black leaders met to form the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA), electing a young pastor, Martin Luther King Jr, as their president. She was detained on March 2, 1955, in . Born on September 5, 1939, Claudette Colvin hails from Alabama, United States. "What's going on with these niggers?" Claudette Colvin is a civil rights activist who, before .css-47aoac{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-thickness:0.0625rem;text-decoration-color:inherit;text-underline-offset:0.25rem;color:#A00000;-webkit-transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;}.css-47aoac:hover{color:#595959;text-decoration-color:border-link-body-hover;}Rosa Parks, refused to give up her bus seat to a white passenger. Under the twisted logic of segregation the white woman still couldn't sit down, as then white and black passengers would have been sharing a row of seats - and the whole point was that white passengers were meant to be closer to the front. [9] When they took Claudette in, the Colvins lived in Pine Level, a small country town in Montgomery County, the same town where Rosa Parks grew up. "Are you going to stand up?" "Always studying and using long words.". "If it had been for an old lady, I would have got up, but it wasn't. Video, 1894 shipwreck confirms tale of treacherous lifeboat, Claudette Colvin's interview on Outlook on the BBC World Service, Whiskey fungus forces Jack Daniels to stop construction, Harry and Meghan told to 'vacate' Frogmore Cottage, Rare Jurassic-era bug found at Arkansas Walmart, Havana Syndrome unlikely to have hostile cause - US, India PM Modi urges G20 to overcome divisions, Starbucks illegally fired workers over union - judge, NFL hopeful accused of racing in deadly car crash. The driver looked at the women in his mirror. She needed support. Instead of being taken to a juvenile detention centre, Colvin was taken to an adult jail and put in a small cell with nothing in it but a broken sink and a cot without a mattress. Aster is known as a talisman of love and an enduring symbol of elegance. This made her very scared that they would sexually assault her because this happened frequently. He went back to Colvin, now seven months pregnant. It was an exchange later credited with changing the racial landscape of America. .css-m6thd4{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:block;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;font-family:Gilroy,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.2;font-weight:bold;color:#323232;text-transform:capitalize;}@media (any-hover: hover){.css-m6thd4:hover{color:link-hover;}}How the Greensboro Four Began the Sit-In Movement, Biography: You Need to Know: Bayard Rustin, Biography: You Need to Know: Sylvia Rivera, Biography: You Need to Know: Dorothy Pittman Hughes, 10 Influential Asian American and Pacific Islander Activists. "We learned about negro spirituals and recited poems but my social studies teachers went into more detail," she says. "I will take you off," said the policeman, then he kicked her. Colvin and her friends were sitting in a row a little more than half way down the bus - two were on the right side of the bus and two on the left - and a white passenger was standing in the aisle between them. "It took on the form of harassment. Claudette Colvin is a civil rights activist of African descent. Men instructed their wives to walk or to share rides in neighbour's autos.". Nine months before Parks's arrest, a 15-year-old girl, Claudette Colvin, was thrown off a bus in the same town and in almost identical circumstances. The urban bustle surrounding her could not seem further away from King Hill. [Mrs Hamilton] said she was not going to get up and that she had paid her fare and that she didn't feel like standing," recalls Colvin. "They'd call her a bad girl, and her case wouldn't have a chance. In this small, elevated patch of town, black people sit out on wooden porches and watch an impoverished world go by. The NMAAHC has a section dedicated to Rosa Parks, which Colvin does not want taken away, but her family's goal is to get the historical record right, and for officials to include Colvin's part of history. Claudette Colvin was born Claudette Austin in Montgomery, Alabama, on September 5, 1939, to Mary Jane Gadson and C. P. Austin. "In a few hours, every Negro youngster on the streets discussed Colvin's arrest. "I told Mrs Parks, as I had told other leaders in Montgomery, that I thought the Claudette Colvin arrest was a good test case to end segregation on the buses," says Fred Gray, Parks's lawyer. "She lived in a little shack. Colvin went to her job instead. She turns, watches, wipes, feeds and washes the elderly patients and offers them a gentle, consoling word when they become disoriented. [36], Colvin and her family have been fighting for recognition for her action. [4] Colvin later said: "My mother told me to be quiet about what I did. 2023 BBC. None of them spoke to me; they didn't see if I was okay. asked one. The court, however, ruled against her and put her on probation. At 82, her arrest is expunged", "Claudette Colvin's juvenile record has been expunged, 66 years after she was arrested for refusing to give her bus seat to a White person", "John McCutcheon sings Rita Dove's 'Claudette Colvin', Drunk History' Montgomery, AL (TV Episode 2014), "The Newsroom - Will McAvoy On Historical Hypotheticals", "Report: Biopic about civil rights pioneer Claudette Colvin in the works", The Other Rosa Parks (Colvin interview with, Vanessa de la Torre, "In The Shadow of Rosa Parks: 'Unsung Hero' of Civil Rights Movement Speaks Out", "An asterisk, not a star, of black history", Let us Look at Jim Crow for the Criminal he is - Rosa Parks' bus stand and the long history of bus resistance, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Claudette_Colvin&oldid=1142354716. Colvin left Montgomery for New York City in 1958,[6] because she had difficulty finding and keeping work following her participation in the federal court case that overturned bus segregation. For Colvin, the entire episode was traumatic: "Nowadays, you'd call it statutory rape, but back then it was just the kind of thing that happened," she says, describing the conditions under which she conceived. [4][18] Colvin said, "But I made a personal statement, too, one that [Parks] didn't make and probably couldn't have made. We may earn commission from links on this page, but we only recommend products we back. Respectfully and faithfully yours. She sat down in the front of the bus and refused to move on her own will when asked. Colvin left Montgomery for New York in 1958, because she had difficulty finding and keeping work after the notoriety of the . If she had not done what she did, I am not sure that we would have been able to mount the support for Mrs. From "high-yellas" to "coal-coloureds", it is a tension steeped not only in language but in the arts, from Harlem Renaissance novelist Nella Larsen's book, Passing, to Spike Lee's film, School Daze. "[citation needed], The police officers who took her to the station made sexual comments about her body and took turns guessing her bra size throughout the ride. . He contacted Montgomery Councilmen Charles Jinright and Tracy Larkin, and in 2017, the Council passed a resolution for a proclamation honoring Colvin. [16][19], When Colvin refused to get up, she was thinking about a school paper she had written that day about the local customs that prohibited blacks from using the dressing rooms in order to try on clothes in department stores. Tour: Black America and the burden of the perfect victim. "For a while, there was a real distance between me and Mrs Parks over this. "[37], In 2000, Troy State University opened a Rosa Parks Museum in Montgomery to honor the town's place in civil rights history. "When ED Nixon and the Women's Political Council of Montgomery recognised that you could be that hero, you met the challenge and changed our lives forever. "Nobody slept at home because we thought there would be some retaliation," says Colvin. "It would have been different if I hadn't been pregnant, but if I had lived in a different place or been light-skinned, it would have made a difference, too. Civil Rights Leader #7. . She made history at the young age of 15 by refusing to give up her seat on a segregated bus in Montgomery, Alabama to a white woman. Meanwhile, Parks had been transformed from a politically-conscious activist to an upstanding, unfortunate Everywoman. After Colvin was released from prison, there were fears that her home would be attacked. 1939- Claudette was born in Birmingham 1951- 22nd Amendment was put into place, limiting the presidential term of office . At the time, black leaders, including the Rev. They felt she had the maturity to handle being at the center of potential controversy. Gary Younge investigates, Original reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every morning. Despite the light sentence, Colvin could not escape the court of public opinion. Two policemen boarded the bus and asked Colvin why she wouldn't give up her seat. Today, she sits in a diner in the Bronx, her pudding-basin haircut framing a soft face with a distant smile. In 1955, when she was 15, she refused to give up her seat on a Montgomery bus to a white womannine months before Rosa Parks's refusal in Montgomery sparked a bus boycott. 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